Introduction

Now a days building up off harmonious personality is the main effort of educationist. Educationist and Psychologist together are working on some determinants pf personality development which are as follows.

1. Biological Factors: –

There are some biological factors that affect the personality of an individual. For example, short heighted and over weighted students are generally teased by their classmates. It will develop inferiority complex. If an individual is tall, has good physique, good health and strength then he will participate in social activities as that individual is expected by society or vice-versa.

1. Gender Differences: –

The gender difference plays a vital role in personality development as boys are exposed to machinery and outdoor activities. They are generally more assertive and tough. On the other side generally, girls are not exposed to much in participating in vigorous or adventure activities. Girls are considered more sensitive.  

• Nervous System: –

An individual’s personality development depends on nervous system. As nervous system is responsible for motor mobility, intellectual mobility and physical strength. Any injury to nervous system can adversely affect the development of one’s personality.

1. Endocrine Glands: –

The Adrenal Gland, The Thyroid Gland, The Parathyroid Gland, Pituitary Gland and the Gonad Gland play an important role in an individual’s personality. Malfunction of such glands may be had extreme adverse effect on personality. The hormones released by above gland play vital role in growth and development.

• As excess production of cortisol can result masculine features in case of women.
• Growth of beard and moustache.
• Overactive of thyroid gland will result in aggressiveness and hyperactivity.

1. Family Environment: –

a child acquires attitudes, values, beliefs and habits while living in a family. Family pattern influence the personality development in significant way. If the family climate is favorable the individual will treat their family members and outsider in hostile manner. But if an individual faces problem like separation of their parents can result in adverse way. It can be result in juvelline delinquent child.

1. School: –

At school teacher’s attitudes ideas, principles, emotional maturity, his mastery ever subject influence student’s personality. If a school is child centered activities, then the students will be all-rounder. NSS, Scouts and Guides sports will play important role in personality development.

• Cultural Environment: –

An individual’s personality is shaped by the culture in which he is born. The folkways customs, traditions stereotypes, worship pattern influence one’s personality. If the society norms are right then there are more chances that the individual will be aggressive.

• Social Environment: –

If a person resides in a posh society. He studies in the school which is high infrastructure, well versed and well qualified teachers then the students will be confident. They will try to become a well civilized individual. But if an individual resides in slums and he has no access to education then there are more chances that these situations can lead him too delinquently. Thus children of upper class feel superiority feeling.

1. Psychological Factors: –

The motives, drivers, interests, attitudes, emotions, will power, memory, level of aspiration are also determinant of one’s personality. If sn individual can carry on abstract thinking, he has ability to perceive concepts, he can conclude good results through observations then it means possess high intellectual capacity so he feels high personality and vice-versa.

1. Miscellaneous Factors:– There are some factors which play vital role in personality development.

• If parents are over ambitious then they want their children achieve something beyond their capacity.
• It will result in loss of self-respect feeling of guilt and shame. If parents are over protecting then the children will be led to withdrawal behavior of their kids. They can become aggressive.

We can conclude that personality development is affected by hereditary, environment, cultural values, social values and home environment. Not a single factor affects it but personality is result of multiple factors.

Contribution of max Wertheimer and kurt koffka

The three psychologists work together towards personality development namely wolf gang Kohler, max Wertheimer and kurt koffka. These are known as gestalt psychologist. ‘Gestalt ‘is a German word which means configuration or ‘organized whole’

Max Wertheimer – A brief introduction

Max Wertheimer was born on April 15,1880 and he died on October 12,1943. He was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia. His father was an educator and his mother was a Ph.D. scholar. Earlier his field of interest was music but later he became fascinated with philosophy. He did his doctorate degree from the university of Wurzburg.

He observed hoe hashing lights at a train station created the illusion of movement. This event motivated him to study the concept of ‘perception’. He called this movement the ‘phi phenomenon’, which is based on some principles upon which the motion pictures are based. Then he immigrated to New York in 1993 and he had done his research in new school for social research. This school becomes one of the leading schools of psychology. According to his theory – “There are holes the behavior of which is not determined by that of their individual elements, but where the part- processes are determined by the intrinsic nature of the

whole.”

Phi phenomenon by max Wertheimer 

This term is used in a narrow sense for an apparent motion that is observed if two nearby optical stimulate presented in alternation with a relatively high frequency. In contrast to beta movement, seen at lower frequencies, the stimuli themselves do not appear to move.

KURT KOFFKA – A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Kurt Koffka was a German psychologist. He was born on 1886 and died on 1941. He was born in berlin. His father was lawyer. He received the Ph.D. degree in 1909. His thesis entitled – “Experimental investigations of rhythm”

After world war in 1910. He was studying “Imageless Thought” it means kuffka raised questions

about the dominant elementalism. His 1 st book was published in 1912 titled “Regarding the analysis

of images and their laws”. He maintained that infants first perceive and respond holistically. Only later they perceive the individual sensations that comprise the world. Max Wertheimer, Kurt koffka and Wolfgang Kohler corked on ‘Laws of “pragnanz”.

LAW OF PRAGNANZ

Pragnanz is a German word which means “compact but significant “. This law suggests that our psychologist organization tends to move in one general direction which is pragnanz. But a good

gestalt has the property of stability simplicity and regularity.

SUBORDINATE LAWS TO PREPLAIN PRAGNANZ

1. Law of similarity-Elements that look similar will be perceived as part of the same form. The

similarity in form of shape, color, size leads to meaningful organization of the field.

2. Law of proximity-The things which are near to each other help in organization. The

perceptual groups are formed according to nearness

3. Law of continuity-good continuation helps in meaningful organization.
4. Law of closure-We tend to fill the gaps or close figures we perceive. we enclose a space by

completing a contour and ignoring gaps in the figure.

5.  Law of figure ground– we tend to pay attention and perceive things in foreground first. A stimulus will be perceived as separate from its ground.